Hello everyone,
Today started off my part of some initial testing of a few commercial cameras in order to get a better look at the different type of camera sensors, and what would be best for the challenges we might face in the future with the Lunar Lion mission. I’ll give a brief introduction of both types.
First off, there is the CMOS sensor. This sensor has a “rolling shutter.” This type of technology scans the entire frame of a scene progressively over time. This causes each part of the frame to be taken at slightly different points in time. Now this normally wouldn’t be a problem when taking still pictures or recording smooth footage of slow moving objects without any vibrations or shakes, however, when there are vibrations, shakes, or fast movement, the camera will experience a wobble effect or distortion.

Secondly we have the CCD sensor. This sensor has a “global shutter.” This type of technology captures the entire frame all at one point in time. This is beneficial because it virtually eliminates the wobble effect that is seen in a CMOS camera. The problem with this sensor is it requires more energy, and it also produces more heat than the CMOS sensor.
There are pros and cons to both types of sensors. The objective now is to analyze the trade space and determine the weighting of our variables and the impact these variables could have on the entire mission. Even the most minor decisions or alterations must be thought out in great detail. For example, say a CCD camera was chosen over a CMOS camera. Although better footage quality may be gained, other factors, which might normally be looked over, must be taken into careful consideration. Things that we must consider are the following: The increase in power consumption and heat output must be dealt with. Also, if the resolution or frame rate is increased, the total amount of data to transmit back to earth increases, meaning an increase in communication systems or transmit for a longer amount of time, both of which increase our power budget. This increased power consumption may require the use of a larger battery. Will there also be a need for a larger solar panel? This is when the ripple effect begins. If there is a need for bigger batteries or a larger solar panel, how does this affect the overall mass of the spacecraft? The ripple effect continues. Will there be a need for more fuel in order to descend and stop from during descent and landing? This ripple effect can go on for a while, and must be taken into careful consideration. As an engineer, it is crucial to look at these factors and see where there is room for leeway or tradeoff. So while it would be nice to have the best possible image quality possible with today’s technology, having the best video quality may require an upward spiral in costs. Is it possible to settle with another type of camera that needs less electricity, but has a lower video quality? What is the line not to be crossed in terms of footage quality? What is the line not to be crossed in terms of power usage? Perhaps footage could be taken at a higher or lower framerate to compensate for the sensor depending on our application. All of these questions are important for the overall success of the mission.
As you can see, this level of in depth research and detailed engineering thought process would not normally be exposed to a freshman. As a freshman I am really excited that I could be a part of the Lunar Lion team. What astounds me the most is the fact that I will be able to make real contributions to the team, along with getting valuable hands-on experience. I would like to thank the Lunar Lion team and Penn State University for allowing me to have this opportunity. I am proud to say that I am on the Lunar Lion team and am excited to continue working with them on this project.